Black History: Malcolm X
In his posthumously published autobiography, Malcolm X meticulously writes in chapters like “Detroit Red” and “Hustler,” about his life as a hoodlum, who fought, stole, lied and sold drugs, dated white women and fenced goods to free himself from the crippling poverty he knew growing up. But at the end of the book he writes, “If I can die having brought any light, having exposed any meaningful truth that will help destroy the racist cancer that is malignant in the body of America – then, all of the credit is due to Allah. Only the mistakes have been mine.
In the 1960s, as the spokesman for the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X rose to become one of the most recognizable men in America often pitted — philosophically at least – against more moderate civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. Malcolm X converted to Islam in the 1950s while serving a prison sentence for burglary. After his release, the popular narrative of his life suggests that he completely embraced the religion and used the Nation of Islam as a foundation to launch some of the era’s harshest critiques of white America and racism.
Malcolm’s assertion that President John F. Kennedy’s assassination amounted to “the chickens coming home to roost” led to his suspension from the Black Muslims in December 1963.
But by 1964, Malcolm X had grown weary of the Nation of Islam’s ideology and its leader’s philandering. So after being silenced by the organization, he left the NOI.
After completing the Hajj — a pilgrimage to Mecca required of all muslims who are physically able — Malcolm X rejected the racially divisive Nation of Islam teaching of that time. In a letter, he said that seeing muslims of "all colors, from blue-eyed blonds to black-skinned Africans," interacting as equals helped him to see the Islamic faith as a way in which racial problems could be conquered.
He spent the rest of his life trying to build a new organization while fighting off what he said were death threats from the Nation of Islam. On Feb. 21, 1965, at the beginning of an Organization of Afro-American Unity meeting in Manhattan's Audubon Ballroom, Malcolm X was gunned down by assassins affiliated with the Nation of Islam.
In his eulogy for Malcolm X, Ossie Davis called Malcolm X, “A Prince. Our own black, shining prince, who didn’t hesitate to die because, he loved us all.”
Influenced largely by Malcolm, in the summer of 1966 members of SNCC called for black power for black people. Their lack of power was the foundation of Malcolm’s charge that they were denied human rights in America. His clarity on this matter, as America continues its retreat from its commitment to full freedom for his people, has guaranteed for him pride of place among black leaders.
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